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Fig. 4 UV–Vis investigation of the adsorption of B[a]P by MXenes. (A) Typical UV–Vis spectra of B[a]P at different concentrations in EPA VS medium without MXenes, and spectra of B[a]P at a concentration of 1 mg/L in EPA VS medium containing MXenes (10 mg/L). (B) Deconvolution of the UV–Vis spectra of B[a]P. (C) Calibration curve generated using the change in area of the characteristic 525 nm peak of B[a]P over the change in concentration of B[a]P in EPA VS medium. The calculated concentration of B[a]P in the MXene-containing medium after exposure for 24 h is shown. (D) GC-MS analysis of B[a]P in zebrafish embryos exposed for 24 h to B[a]P (1 mg/L), MXenes (80 mg/L), B[a]P (1 mg/L) + MXenes (80 mg/L), and B[a]P (1 mg/L) + MXenes (80 mg/L) + NOM (10 mg/L) in EPA VS medium. Zebrafish embryos maintained in EPA VS medium alone were included as a negative control. The graph depicts the reconstructed ion current with the signal intensity of B[a]P across all samples. Data shown are from one experiment using 40 zebrafish embryos per sample.