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Fig. 2 Survival rate of zebrafish embryos after exposure in EPA VS medium for 24 h to (A) MXenes alone, and (B) MXenes plus NOM (10 mg/L). Data are presented as mean values ± S.D. of three independent experiments (30 embryos per experiment). Student's t-test was used for the analysis of the comparisons between control and the indicated exposures (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001). (C) Representative images of zebrafish embryos after 24 h exposure in medium alone or MXenes (80 mg/L). Dark material (presumably MXenes) can be observed in the gut of the zebrafish embryos (indicated by black arrows). (D) ICP-MS analysis of zebrafish embryos after exposure for 24 h to MXenes (80 mg/L) with or without NOM (10 mg/L). Zebrafish embryos exposed to NOM alone or maintained in EPA VS medium without any exposure (control) were also included. Data are presented as mean values ± S.D. of two experiments (100 embryos per sample).