Fig. 4

Fig. 4 Single-neuron synapse loss during sleep is driven by boosting adenosine and blocking noradrenaline.

a, Larvae were temporarily treated with sleep-promoting drugs during the day (ZT5–ZT10). The black arrows indicate the imaging periods before and after drug treatment. b, Drug-induced sleep during the day disentangles sleep pressure (that is, low) from sleep amount (that is, high), which are otherwise tightly correlated. c, Drug-treated larvae sleep significantly more during the day compared with the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated controls. d, During the day (from ZT5–ZT10), synapse counts increase under all control and drug conditions, except during co-administration of clonidine and 2-chloroadenosine, when synapses are significantly lost. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n values represent the number of neurons (top row) or fish (bottom row). For c and d, statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis tests with post hoc Dunn’s multiple-comparison test (left) and one-way ANOVA (right); not significant (NS), P > 0.5; *P = 0.034, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001.

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