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Fig. 4 Image-based phase estimation algorithm. (a) We compute a local average distance curve An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is S2633903X23000223_inline84.jpg for each origin position An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is S2633903X23000223_inline85.jpg via least-squares fitting on the measurements An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is S2633903X23000223_inline86.jpg (b) We update the phase estimates by minimizing the distance between local measurements and the computed average distance curves. We iterate over these steps until convergence. The distance matrix An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is S2633903X23000223_inline87.jpg gets smoother as the phase estimates improve.