Figure 7

Figure 7

Glycolysis is elevated upon induction of sub-lethal HHcy in endothelial cells. (A) ECAR curves showing drastically upregulated glycolysis of endothelial cells treated by 2 mM Hcy for 24 h as measured by an extracellular flux analyzer. (B–D) Respective bar graphs revealing that in comparison to untreated cells, there is a significant enhancement of glycolysis, glycolytic reserve, and glycolytic capacity of sub-lethal Hcy treated endothelial cells. (E) Bar graph of targeted metabolomics showing metabolic intermediates of glycolysis are elevated in endothelial cells with sub-lethal HHcy. AUC, area under the curve. (F) Glucose uptake assay using fluorescence analog 2-NBDG showing that in comparison to control cells, consumption of extracellular glucose is higher in sub-lethal Hcy treated endothelial cells. Data are shown as Mean ± SEM with n ≥ 3. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, and **** p ≤ 0.0001.