Fig 4

Fig 4

TRAF3 inhibits macrophage migration and macrophage cytokine production by lung epithelial cells infected with A. fumigatus. (A) Schematic of co-culture of A. fumigatus, lung epithelial cells, and macrophages. Macrophages that migrated to the lower chamber were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with Giemsa staining solution, and counted (B, C). The expression of cytokines in the macrophages in the upper chamber of Transwell was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (D). Fluorescent staining and nystatin protection assay were performed on lung epithelial cells at the bottom of 24-well plates to detect A549 cells adhesion (E, F) and internalization of A. fumigatus spores (G). Results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *, # P < 0.05; **, ## P < 0.01; ***, ### P < 0.001. Scale bars: 50 µm.