Fig. 3

Fig. 3

Fig. 3. Effect of ammonia exposure for 4 h on social preference and social recognition of adult zebrafish. (A) Schematic illustration of the social-preference test. (B) Trajectories of fish moving in the test tank. (C) All of the 0, 90, and 180 mg/L (NH₄⁺) groups spent more time in the conspecific than the empty zone of the tank. (D) Schematic illustration of the social-recognition test. (E) Trajectories of fish moving in the test tank. (F) Fish treated with 180 mg/L (NH₄⁺) did not show a preference for staying in the familiar or unfamiliar zones of the tank. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. * Indicates a significant difference from the control (0 mg/L) by a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s pair-wise comparison, p < 0.05. NS, not significant.