Fig. 2

Fig. 2

S-protein induces senescence of ARPE-19 cells. A SA-β-Gal staining of ARPE-19 cells that were treated with media containing PBS (Con) or S-protein for 48 h. B Quantitation of the percentage of SA-β-Gal positive cells per view in A. Ten views were used for quantitation, and the experiment was repeated three times. The data represent mean ± SD, n = 3, ***p < 0.001. C SA-β-Gal staining of the ARPE-19 cells that express empty vector or p3xFlag-S respectively for 48 h. D Quantitation of the percentage of SA-β-Gal positive cells/ total cells/view (a total of 10 views were used for quantitation). The data represent mean ± SD (n = 3), ***p < 0.001. E qPCR to quantitate the expression of cell cycle inhibitors (P53, p21, and p14arf), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TGF-β1), MMP3, and iCAM in the cells treated in A and C. F and G ELISA to measure the secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 in ARPE-19 cells that were treated with S-protein for 48 h. H Immunoblot of the expression of p53, p21, Bcl-2, and GAPDH in ARPE-19 cells that were treated with S-protein for 48 h