Figure 4

Figure 4

Active avoidance test on zebrafish 12 days post-injury to evaluate the effect of saffron on learning, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). (A) Experimental set-up used for active avoidance test. (B) Comparison of the number of avoidance (per 6 trials) in CTL-saffron (n = 9), TBI-saffron (n = 7), and TBI + saffron (n = 6) at 12 days post-injury during training session S1, S2 and S3. Statistical analysis was performed with two-way ANOVA. Statistically significant differences are indicated as a (in S1: CTL-saffron vs TBI-saffron; p < 0.05); b (in S1: TBI + saffron vs TBI-saffron; p < 0.005); c (in S1: CTL-saffron vs TBI-saffron; p ≤ 0.0001 and in S2: CTL-saffron and TBI + saffron vs TBI-saffron; p ≤ 0.0001). Data represent the mean ± S.E.M. (C) Comparison of the number of avoidance (per 6 trials) in CTL-saffron (n = 9), TBI-saffron (n = 7), and TBI + saffron (n = 6) at 12 days post-injury during training sessions (average number during S1, S2 and S3 taken together), STM and LTM. Statistical analysis was performed with two-way ANOVA. Statistically significant differences are indicated as ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.0001. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M. (D) Comparison of the number of trials (per session) that was necessary for zebrafish to effectuate the first successful avoidance in CTL-saffron (n = 9), TBI-saffron (n = 7), and TBI + saffron (n = 6) at 12 days post-injury during training sessions (average number during S1, S2 and S3 taken together; upper graph), STM (middle graph) and LTM (lower graph). Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA. Statistically significant differences are indicated as ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.0001. Data represent the median ± S.E.M.