Fig. 5

a Experimental flow of PC ablation experiments. b First bout duration in each trial of the long-term adaptation experiment in treatment control larvae (i N = 85 and 85 for normal-reafference control and lag-trained groups, respectively) and PC-ablated larvae (ii N = 83 and 90). Solid lines and shaded areas represent mean ± SEM across larvae. b–e Blue arrows indicate acute reaction, cyan arrows indicate reduction of acute reaction, and orange arrow indicates the after-effect. c–e Quantification of acute reaction (c) and long-term adaptation effects: reduction of acute reaction (d) and the after-effect (e). Each gray dot represents first bout duration in one fish, averaged across ten trials and normalized by subtracting the baseline value obtained during the pre-adaptation phase (c, e) or during the first 10 trials of the adaptation phase (d). c–e, g Black and red lines represent median and interquartile range across larvae. f, Mean bout power profiles of the treatment control (i) and PC-ablated groups (ii). from pre-adaptation and post-adaptation phases of the experiment. First bout power profiles were averaged within respective blocks of ten trials in each larva. Colored curves and shaded areas represent median and interquartile range across larvae. Dotted lines indicate bout onsets, dashed lines separate ballistic and reactive periods. Thick horizontal orange lines indicate time points at which mean bout power during the post-adaptation trials is different from the baseline pre-adaptation bout power (Wilcoxon singed rank test, p < 0.05/220, where 220 is the total number of time points, two-tailed alternative). Black arrows indicate increase of ballistic power during the experiment. Data from normal-reafference control and lag-trained animals were pooled together as no effect of reafference condition on increase in ballistic bout power was observed (Fig. 4j). g Quantification of the change in mean ballistic bout power during the experiment. Each gray dot represents area below the first bout power curve in one fish, computed over the ballistic period, averaged across ten trials and normalized by subtracting the baseline value obtained during the pre-adaptation phase. c–e, g n.s. - p ≥ 0.05, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (c: treatment control: 8.83 × 10⁻⁷, PC-ablated: 1.52 × 10⁻¹⁴, lag-trained: 0.18 × 10⁻²; d treatment control: 0.046, PC-ablated: 0.61, lag-trained: 0.35; e treatment control: 0.47, PC-ablated: 0.58, lag-trained: 0.45; g 0.68 × 10⁻²; Mann–Whitney U-test with two-tailed alternative).