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Fig. 4 GBDP improves 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced cognitive impairment in mice. (A) T-turn time in the pole test on day 19. (B) Site crossings in the morris water maze (MWM) test. (C) GBDP protected dopaminergic neurons in the MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson?s disease. Brain sections were processed for HE staining. Black arrow: nerve fiber bundles are loose and lightly stained and the fiber components are significantly reduced; yellow arrow: a large number of neurons were atrophied and the nuclei were intensely stained; green arrow: glial cells show slight hyperplasia. ??P < 0.001. Data were analyzed by unpaired, two-tailed Student?s t-test. n = 5 per group.