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Figure 2 Synteny analysis of GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR12L in chickens and other vertebrates. GPR3 (A), GPR6 (B), GPR12 (C), and GPR12L (D) are located in four syntenic regions conserved in vertebrate species including chickens, ducks, humans, pigs, turtles, spotted gars, and zebrafish. Dashed lines denote the genes of interest, while dotted lines indicate the syntenic genes identified in these species. Chr, chromosome. (E) Schematic diagram showing the existence of GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR12L in vertebrate species including spotted gars, teleosts (e.g., zebrafish), turtles, chicken, and mammals. GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR12L were likely duplicated from a common ancestral gene (denoted as “GPR”), which had undergone the two rounds of genome duplication event (2R) during early vertebrate evolution. The two GPR12L genes in zebrafish likely originated from the 3rd round (3R) genome duplication event occurred in teleost lineage.