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Figure 7 Sodium lactate mechanisms. (A) COX-2 gene expression by qRT-PCR in zebrafish embryos treated with AA alone or with test chemicals: NS398, C25, sodium lactate, NS398; sodium lactate, or C25; sodium lactate. Sodium lactate suppresses COX-2 expression. (B) Relative levels of phosphorylated NF-κB in zebrafish embryos treated with different compounds. The quantification was done by measuring the pixels of the phosphorylated NF-κB bands and were normalized by that of β-actin on three Western blot images using Photoshop. Sodium lactate treated embryos showed a significantly lower level of phosphorylated NF-κB. (* indicates statistical significance by t-test, p = 0.001). (C) Additive effect of AHF attenuation by NS398 and sodium lactate. (Y axis: heart failure attenuation percentage). (D) Tnnt2 expression measured by qRT-PCR was significantly lower in the embryos treated with sodium lactate. (* indicates statistical significance by t-test, p < 0.05).