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Fig. 2 cont. Efficacy of FxRF against inflammation induced by PM in HaCaT keratinocytes (A), and analyses of HaCaT cell viability and intracellular ROS levels; (B) Western blot analyses of COX-2 expressions; (C) levels of key molecular mediators in the MAPK pathways; and (D) ELISA of PGE2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Pre-seeded cells (1 × 105 cells/mL) were treated with different FxRF concentrations after 24 h and stimulated with PM after 30 min. Cells were harvested after 24 h to measure inflammatory mediators (COX-2 and PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Apoptotic body formation was observed under a fluorescence microscope after (E) DCFH-DA treatment and (F) Hoechst 33,342 and PI staining. Graphical representations are means ± standard error (SE) based on three replications. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 indicate that the values were significantly different from those for the PM-treated group..