Reduced proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in ibrutinib-treated embryos. (A) An EdU assay showed proliferation signals in the VECs of ibrutinib-treated embryos at 36 h post-fertilization (hpf). (B) The number of proliferated VECs was counted in the dorsal aorta (DA), posterior cardinal vein (PCV), and caudal vein (CV), as well as ISVs; n = 10 for each group. (C) A TUNEL assay showed apoptosis signals in the VECs of ibrutinib-treated embryos at 60 hpf. (D) The number of apoptotic VECs was counted in the DA, PCV, and CV, as well as intersegmental vessels (ISVs); n = 10 for each group. Asterisks indicate significant differences (DMSO vs. ibrutinib), **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
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