Effects of ZnO-NPs on mitochondrial membrane potential of human GSCC cells. (a) Ca9-22 cells were treated with ZnO-NPs (10–20 µg/mL) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) (100 μM) for the indicated times to determine the change of mitochondrial membrane potential using MITO-ID assay kit. (b) Flow cytometry analysis showed the gating of JC-1 (red) aggregates and JC-1 (green) monomer populations in Ca9-22 cells treated with ZnO-NPs and carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) for 24 h. Ratio of JC-1 staining represents the mitochondrial function. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of four independent experiments. * p < 0.05 compared with control group.
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