Figure 5

Figure 5

Shoaling behavior endpoint comparisons between the control group, 1 ppm, and 10 ppm Fe₃O₄ MNPs-exposed zebrafish groups after two weeks of exposure. (A) Average speed, (B) time in the top duration, (C) average shoal area, (D) average inter-fish distance, (E) average nearest neighbor distance, and (F) average furthest neighbor distance were analyzed. (G–I) The locomotion trajectories for the control, 1 ppm and 10 ppm MNPs exposed fish in the shoaling test. Groups of three fish were tested for shoaling behavior. The data are expressed as the median with interquartile range and were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, which continued with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test as a follow-up test (n = 21 for the control group and 1 ppm MNPs-exposed group, n = 24 for 10 ppm MNPs, * p < 0.05, ** p< 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001).