Fig. 1.

Timeline of translating a basic discovery in an animal model to the clinic. Our initial paper on the induction of blood stem cells by PGE2 was published in 2007 (North et al., 2007). We initiated preclinical studies to show that the chemical worked in mouse bone marrow transplants and with human cells in immunodeficient mice. We developed standard operating procedures (SOPs). We received FDA approval to initiate the Phase I clinical trial. 12 patients were treated. We received NIH funding for the trial [National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI)]. A company, FATE Therapeutics, participated in the trial. A Phase II trial was done with 48 patients.
Fig. 2.

Models that have been used in the Zon lab. Key attributes of different animal models used for the study of human diseases are highlighted.
Acknowledgments
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