Biodistribution after PSNP exposure in zebrafish larvae from 72 to 120 hpf. a Representative pictures of PSNP accumulation in the intestine (lateral view, solid arrow), exocrine pancreas (lateral view, empty arrow), and b gallbladder (ventral and lateral view, asterisk) of wild-type zebrafish larvae. The experiment was conducted on three separate occasions with ten biologically independent replicates each

Effects of PSNPs on glucose metabolism in larval zebrafish. a Dose-dependent response showing glucose concentrations in zebrafish embryos wild-type (AB/TL and gr+/+), glucocorticoid receptor mutant (gr−/−), and AB/TL supplemented with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (1 µM; n = 4–5, pool of ten zebrafish per sample). b Representative image of insulin staining of the pancreas in control and 20 mg L⁻¹ PSNP-exposed embryos (n = 7, biologically independent replicates). c Dose-response showing pck1 promoter dynamics in Tg(pck1:Luc2)zebrafish larvae at 120 hpf after exposure to 0.2 mg L⁻¹ (low), 2 mg L⁻¹ (mid), and 20 mg L⁻¹(high) PSNPs from 72 to 120 hpf (n = 5, pool of three zebrafish per sample). Values are presented as mean ± SD. Asterisks indicate significant differences to controls (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001)